Skip to content
Back to Private loan research

Private loan research

What to Look for Before Applying for a Private Student Loan

The OBBBA caps Parent PLUS at $20K/yr and eliminates Grad PLUS in 2026. Before you apply for a private student loan, know what to check. Learn about APR, credit pulls, federal rate changes, and red flags to avoid costly mistakes.

Sravani Atluri

Sravani Atluri

April 19, 2026Updated April 15, 202610 min read

Published:

On this page (13 sections)

Before you submit a single private student loan application, take a step back. This decision will affect your finances for years. Knowing what to check--and what questions to ask--will help you avoid expensive mistakes and find a loan that actually fits your situation.

Why Private Loans Matter More in 2026

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), signed in 2025 and effective July 1, 2026, changes the federal loan landscape. Parent PLUS loans are now capped at $20,000 per year and $65,000 over a lifetime. Grad PLUS loans are eliminated for new borrowers starting July 1, 2026. These caps mean more families will need private loans to cover the gap between federal aid and the actual cost of college.

Understanding what to look for in a private loan is more important now than ever.

Start by Maxing Out Federal Loans First

Private loans should be your second choice, not your first. Federal student loans come with protections that private loans simply don't offer. The federal government sets the interest rates, caps how much you can borrow each year, and gives you options if money gets tight.

For the 2026-27 academic year, federal loan limits are $5,500 for first-year undergraduates, $6,500 for second-year, and up to $12,500 for third-year and beyond. Graduate students can borrow up to $20,500 annually through Direct Unsubsidized Loans. The Pell Grant maximum is $7,395 for 2026-27. Before you even think about private loans, make sure you have used all your federal options. Federal loans offer income-driven repayment plans, forgiveness programs, and deferment options that private lenders will not match.

With the OBBBA caps on PLUS loans, many families will hit their federal borrowing limit sooner. That makes it even more critical to understand how private loans work before you apply.

Understand the Difference Between APR and Interest Rate

Rankings

Compare private student loan options

Compare College Ave, Earnest, and Sallie Mae — with Sallie's rate matched to this program where available.

  1. Rank #1Editor's Pick

    Undergrad

    College Ave logo

    College Ave

    Best for: Students who want flexible repayment options and no origination fees

    • 0.25% rate reduction with auto-pay
    • Four in-school repayment options
    • No application, origination, or prepayment fees
    • Borrow from $1,000 up to 100% of cost of attendance

    Rates

    Lowest Rate 2.39%

    2.39% - 17.99% fixed APR, 3.89% - 17.99% variable APR

    Apply Now
    Disclosures+

    College Ave's student loan products are made available through Firstrust Bank, member FDIC, First Citizens Community Bank, member FDIC, or BTG Pactual Bank, N.A., member FDIC. All loans are subject to individual approval and adherence to underwriting guidelines. Program restrictions, other terms, and conditions apply. (1) All rates include the auto-pay discount. The 0.25% auto-pay interest rate reduction applies as long as a valid bank account is designated for required monthly payments. If a payment is returned, you will lose this benefit. Variable rates may increase after consummation. (2) As certified by your school and less any other financial aid you might receive. Minimum $1,000. (3) This informational repayment example uses typical loan terms for a freshman borrower who selects the Deferred Repayment Option with a 10-year repayment term, has a $10,000 loan that is disbursed in one disbursement and a 8.35% fixed Annual Percentage Rate (APR): 120 monthly payments of $179.18 while in the repayment period, for a total amount of payments of $21,501.54. Loans will never have a full principal and interest monthly payment of less than $50. Your actual rates and repayment terms may vary. Information advertised valid as of 7/1/2026. Variable interest rates may increase after consummation. Approved interest rate will depend on creditworthiness of the applicant(s), lowest advertised rates only available to the most creditworthy applicants and require selection of the Flat Repayment Option with the shortest available loan term.

  2. Rank #2

    Undergrad

    Sallie Mae logo

    Sallie Mae

    Best for: Undergraduate and graduate students, and parents, comparing competitive fixed- and variable-rate private student loans

    • Competitive variable and fixed rates
    • Multiple repayment options
    • Cosigner release available
    • No origination fees

    Rates

    Lowest Rate 2.39%

    2.39% - 17.49% fixed APR, 3.75% - 16.95% variable APR

    Apply Now
    Disclosures+

    Undergraduate School Loan/Smart Option Student Loan: Examples of typical transactions for a $10,000 Smart Option Student Loan with the most common fixed rate, Fixed Repayment Option, two disbursements, a 4-year in-school period, and a 6-month grace: For a borrower with the shortest loan term, it works out to 16.16% fixed APR, 51 payments of $25.00, 119 payments of $296.32 and one payment of $41.82, for a total loan cost of $36,578.90. For a borrower with the longest loan term, it works out to 16.38% fixed APR, 51 payments of $25.00, 177 payments of $265.54 and one payment of $173.00, for a total loan cost of $48,448.58. Loans that are subject to a $50 minimum principal and interest payment amount may receive a loan term that is less than 10 years. A variable APR may increase over the life of the loan. A fixed APR will not. Information advertised valid as of 07/02/2026. Rates: Advertised APRs for undergraduate students assume a $10,000 loan with a 4-year in-school period, a 6-month grace, and the longest loan term offered. Interest rates for variable rate loans may increase or decrease over the life of the loan based on changes to the 30-day Average Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) rounded up to the nearest one-eighth of one percent. Advertised variable rates are the starting range of rates and may vary outside of that range over the life of the loan. Interest is charged starting when funds are sent to the school. With the Fixed and Deferred Repayment Options, the interest rate is higher than with the Interest Repayment Option and Unpaid Interest is added to the loan's Current Principal at the end of the grace/separation period. To receive a 0.25 percentage point interest rate discount, the borrower or cosigner must enroll in auto debit through Sallie Mae. The discount applies only during active repayment for as long as the Current Amount Due or Designated Amount is successfully withdrawn from the authorized bank account each month. It may be suspended during forbearance or deferment. Cosigner Release: Only the borrower may apply for cosigner release. To do so, they must first meet the age of majority in their state and provide proof of graduation (or completion of certification program), income, and U.S. citizenship or permanent residency (if their status has changed since they applied). In the last 12 months, the borrower can't have been past due on any loans serviced by Sallie Mae for 30 or more days or enrolled in any hardship forbearances or modified repayment programs. In addition, the borrower must have paid ahead or made 12 on-time principal and interest payments on each loan requested for release. The loan can't be past due when the cosigner release application is processed. The borrower must also demonstrate the ability to assume full responsibility of the loan(s) individually and pass a credit review when the cosigner release application is processed that demonstrates a satisfactory credit history including but not limited to no: bankruptcy, foreclosure, student loan(s) in default or 90-day delinquencies in the last 24 months. Requirements are subject to change.

  3. Rank #3

    Undergrad

    Earnest logo

    Earnest

    Best for: Borrowers who want a zero-fee¹ lender with flexible repayment options² across undergrad, grad, and professional school programs

    • 0.25% Auto Pay³ discount plus 0.25% Loyalty⁴ discount for eligible returning borrowers
    • No origination fees, late fees, or prepayment penalties¹
    • Borrow $1,000⁵ to $400,000 with 5, 7, 10, 12, or 15-year terms⁶
    • Four repayment options², a 9-month grace period⁷, and cosigner release for eligible borrowers⁸

    Rates

    Lowest Rate 2.29%

    2.29% - 16.24% fixed APR, 4.74% - 16.60% variable APR

    Check Eligibility
    Disclosures+

    Earnest Private Student Loans are subject to credit approval. ¹Earnest does not charge fees for origination, late payments, returned check, or prepayments. Florida Stamp Tax: For Florida residents, Florida documentary stamp tax is required by law, calculated as $0.35 for each $100 (or portion thereof) of the principal loan amount, the amount of which is provided in the Final Disclosure. Lender will add the stamp tax to the principal loan amount. The full amount will be paid directly to the Florida Department of Revenue. Certificate of Registration No. 78-8016373916-1. ²Repayment terms and repayment options available vary based on loan type. ³You can take advantage of the Auto Pay interest rate reduction by setting up and maintaining active and automatic ACH withdrawal of your loan payment from a checking or savings account. The interest rate reduction for Auto Pay will be available only while your loan is enrolled in Auto Pay. Interest rate incentives for utilizing Auto Pay may not be combined with certain private student loan repayment programs that also offer an interest rate reduction. It is important to note that the 0.25% Auto Pay discount is not available when loan payments are deferred during the interim period as a result of selecting the deferred repayment option. ⁴To be eligible for the Loyalty Discount, applicants must have previously obtained an Earnest Private Student Loan and apply using the same email address associated with that loan. Only one Loyalty Discount may be applied per eligible Earnest Private Student Loan. Not all applicants may qualify. This offer cannot be combined with Earnest’s Rate Match program. Earnest may modify or discontinue this offer at any time and without notice, however, once a Loyalty Discount is earned, it will not be taken away. ⁵Residents of Hawaii must request a loan of at least $1,501. ⁶Available interest rates are subject to change. Interest rates as of 03/19/2026. Earnest’s Loan Cost Examples: 1.) These examples provide estimates based on principal and interest payments beginning immediately upon loan disbursement. Variable annual percentage rate ("APR"): A $10,000 loan with a 15-year term (180 monthly payments of $152.84) and a 16.85% interest rate without Auto Pay (16.85% APR) would result in a total estimated payment amount of $27,511.20. For a variable loan, after your starting rate is set, your rate will then vary with the market. Fixed APR: A $10,000 loan with a 15-year term (180 monthly payments of $150.30) and a 16.49% interest rate without Auto Pay (16.49% APR) would result in a total estimated payment amount of $27,054.10. 2.) These examples provide estimates based on interest-only payments while in school. Variable interest rate: A $10,000 loan with a 15-year term (180 monthly payments of $152.84) and a 16.85% interest rate without Auto Pay (16.85% APR) would result in a total estimated payment amount of $35,515.14. For a variable loan, after your starting rate is set, your rate will then vary with the market. Your actual repayment terms may vary. Other repayment options are available. The calculation assumes that the “in-school” period is 4 years (48 months) and includes our 9 month grace period, during which the monthly payment will be $140.42 for 57 months. Fixed interest rate: A $10,000 loan with a 15-year term (180 monthly payments of $150.30) and a 16.49% interest rate without Auto Pay (16.49% APR) would result in a total estimated payment amount of $34,886.94. Your actual repayment terms may vary. Other repayment options are available. The calculation assumes that the “in-school” period is 4 years (48 months) and includes our 9 month grace period, during which the monthly payment will be $137.42 for 57 months. 3.) These examples provide estimates based on fixed $25 payments while in school. Variable interest rate: A $10,000 loan with a 15-year term (180 monthly payments of $253.39) and a 16.85% interest rate without Auto Pay (14.92% APR) would result in a total estimated payment amount of $47,035.20. For a variable loan, after your starting rate is set, your rate will then vary with the market. Fixed interest rate: A $10,000 loan with a 15-year term (180 monthly payments of $246.61) and a 16.49% interest rate without Auto Pay (14.65% APR) would result in a total estimated payment amount of $45,814.80. Your actual repayment terms may vary. Other repayment options are available. The calculation assumes that the “in-school” period is 4 years (48 months) and includes our 9 month grace period, during which the monthly payment will be $25.00. 4.) These examples provide estimates based on deferred payments. Variable interest rate: A $10,000 loan with a 15-year term (180 monthly payments of $275.17) and a 16.85% interest rate without Auto Pay (14.67% APR) would result in a total estimated payment amount of $49,530.60. For a variable loan, after your starting rate is set, your rate will then vary with the market. Fixed interest rate: A $10,000 loan with a 15-year term (180 monthly payments of $268.03) and a 16.49% interest rate without Auto Pay (14.39% APR) would result in a total estimated payment amount of $48,245.40. Your actual repayment terms may vary. Other repayment options are available. It is important to note that the 0.25% Auto Pay discount is not available when the deferred repayment option has been selected and the loan is in the interim period. The calculation assumes that the “in-school” period is 4 years (48 months) and includes our 9 month grace period, during which the monthly payment will be $0. ⁷Nine-month grace period is not available for borrowers who choose our Principal and Interest Repayment plan while in school. ⁸To qualify for automatic cosigner release, the outstanding principal balance of your loan must be paid down to 50% or less of the original principal balance. The primary borrower must have made 36 months of required payments after the end of the Interim Period. The primary borrower must meet our eligibility and minimum credit requirements. Additional terms and conditions may apply. To request cosigner release, the primary borrower must have made 12 consecutive, monthly on-time principal and interest payments (or an amount equal thereto) immediately preceding the cosigner release application. The primary borrower must satisfy certain eligibility and credit criteria at the time of application. Additional terms and conditions may apply. ⁹Includes 0.50% combined Auto Pay and Loyalty discounts. Actual rate and available repayment terms will vary based on your financial profile. Fixed annual percentage rates (APR) range from 2.79% to 16.74% (2.29% - 16.24% with Auto Pay and Loyalty discounts). Variable annual percentage rates (APR) range from 5.24% to 17.1% (4.74% - 16.6% with Auto Pay and Loyalty discounts). Earnest variable interest rate student loans are based on a publicly available index, the 30-day Average Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The variable rate is based on the rate published on the 25th day, or the next business day, of the preceding calendar month, rounded to the nearest hundredth of a percent plus a margin and will change on the 1st of each month. The rate will not increase more than once a month, but there is no limit on the amount that the rate could increase at one time. Our lowest rates are only available for our most credit qualified existing cosigned loan borrowers who receive the 0.25% Loyalty discount and requires selection of our shortest term offered, full principal and interest payment while in school, and enrollment in our 0.25% Auto Pay discount. Enrolling in Auto Pay is not required as a condition for approval. Interest rates are subject to change. Earnest Private Student Loans are made by FinWise Bank, Member FDIC. FinWise Bank, 756 East Winchester, Suite 100, Murray, UT 84107. Earnest student loans are serviced by Earnest Operations LLC, 300 Frank H. Ogawa Plaza, Suite 340, Oakland, CA 94612. NMLS #1204917, with support from Higher Education Loan Authority of the State of Missouri (MOHELA) (NMLS# 1442770). FinWise Bank and Earnest LLC and its subsidiaries, including Earnest Operations LLC, are not sponsored by agencies of the United States of America. © 2026 Earnest LLC. All rights reserved.

This matters more than you might think. The interest rate is the percentage of your loan balance that you pay back in interest each year. The APR (annual percentage rate) includes the interest rate plus fees.

For 2026-27, federal interest rates are 6.39% for undergraduate loans, 7.94% for graduate loans, and 8.94% for PLUS loans. Private student loan rates currently range from about 4.99% to 17%, depending on your credit score, cosigner, and the lender. Private student loans rarely charge origination fees, but some may include other costs that get bundled into the APR.

When you are comparing loans, always look at the APR. That is the true cost of borrowing.

Learn the Credit Check Reality: Soft Pull vs. Hard Pull

When you start shopping for rates, lenders will ask you for some information. Most major lenders like Sallie Mae, Earnest, College Ave, Ascent, and SoFi offer prequalification. During prequalification, the lender does a soft credit inquiry--sometimes called a soft pull. This does not affect your credit score at all. You get an estimate of what rate you might qualify for, with no damage done.

Here is the catch: Once you actually apply for a loan, the lender pulls your full credit report with a hard inquiry. This does hit your credit score, typically by fewer than 5 points. The good news is that FICO has a built-in grace period. If you apply to multiple student loan lenders within 45 days, all those hard inquiries count as just one hit to your score.

The takeaway: Use prequalification to shop around without worry. Only after you have narrowed down your choices should you apply formally.

Choose Between Fixed and Variable Rates

This is a big decision. A fixed-rate loan keeps the same interest rate for the entire loan term--10, 15, or 20 years. Your monthly payment never changes. A variable-rate loan starts lower, but the rate can reset monthly or quarterly based on market conditions. Your payment could go up or down.

As of 2026, fixed-rate private loans range from about 4.99% to 17% APR, while variable rates can start even lower. Variable rates usually begin 0.5% to 1% lower than fixed rates. But if interest rates in the economy rise, your rate rises too, and so does your monthly payment. Over a 15-year loan, rising rates can add tens of thousands of dollars to what you pay back.

Fixed rates protect you from surprises. Variable rates are a bet that interest rates will stay low. Choose fixed if you want predictability and plan to keep the loan for the full term. Choose variable only if you plan to pay the loan off quickly or if you are comfortable with the risk of your payment increasing.

Know the Repayment Options Before You Borrow

Different lenders offer different ways to repay. Here are the main ones:

  • In-school (deferred) payments: You do not pay anything while you are enrolled at least half-time. Interest usually accrues--meaning it piles up and gets added to your balance. You will owe more when repayment starts.
  • Interest-only payments: While you are in school, you pay only the interest, not the principal. Your loan balance does not grow, but you are making actual payments right away. This is better than deferred payments if you have the cash flow.
  • Fixed payments: You make a fixed payment--say, $25 per month--while in school. This is a hybrid approach.
  • Full repayment: You pay both principal and interest while in school. This costs the most upfront but saves you money overall.

The key is understanding what happens to the interest you do not pay. If interest accrues while you are in school, you will owe more than you borrowed when repayment begins.

Federal Repayment Changes Under the OBBBA

For federal loans, repayment options are also changing. The SAVE plan has been terminated. Starting July 1, 2026, the new Repayment Assistance Plan (RAP) replaces it. Under RAP, payments are set at 1% to 10% of your discretionary income, with a 30-year repayment term. This is different from older income-driven plans, so make sure you understand your federal repayment options before deciding how much to borrow privately.

Private loans do not offer income-driven repayment. That is one of the biggest differences between federal and private borrowing.

Check for Hidden Fees and Protections

Origination fees are rare on private student loans, but confirm this with your lender. Some lenders offer an autopay discount--usually 0.25%--if you set up automatic payments. That sounds small, but over a 15-year loan, it adds up.

Look for prepayment penalties. Federal law bans prepayment penalties on student loans, but double-check your contract. If you want to pay extra toward the principal, you should be able to without penalty.

Ask about death and disability discharge. If you die or become permanently disabled, what happens to the loan? Federal loans discharge automatically. Private lenders vary. Some discharge the full balance, others discharge it only if the borrower becomes totally and permanently disabled as defined by the Department of Veterans Affairs.

Understand Cosigner Release and Its Real Requirements

If you are using a cosigner--maybe a parent--ask about cosigner release from day one. Most lenders require between 12 and 48 on-time payments before you can release your cosigner. Sallie Mae, for example, allows cosigner release after just 12 consecutive monthly on-time payments.

Here is the trap: If you hit financial trouble and enter forbearance (a pause on payments), that clock resets. The CFPB found that private lenders rejected 90% of cosigner release applications. If forbearance interrupts your payment history, you may have to start the countdown over. This is why you need to understand your options before you borrow.

Know What Happens If Money Gets Tight

Private student loans do not offer income-driven repayment plans like federal loans do. But they do offer temporary relief options:

  • Forbearance: The lender pauses or reduces your payments for a set period--usually 3 to 12 months. Interest usually continues to accrue during forbearance, so your balance grows. Check whether forbearance counts as on-time payment for cosigner release purposes (often it does not).
  • Income-based hardship options: Some lenders reduce your payment temporarily if you can prove financial hardship. Terms vary by lender.
  • Deferment: Rarer than forbearance, this pauses payments without accruing interest. Check whether your lender offers it.

Private student loans are not discharged in bankruptcy as easily as federal loans. Read the fine print on hardship options before you sign.

Red Flags to Watch Before You Apply

  • Lenders who will not prequalify you. If a lender demands a hard credit inquiry before showing you an estimate, walk away. Every major lender prequalifies.
  • Claims of unlimited borrowing. You cannot borrow more than the cost of attendance at your school. If a lender promises more, they are misleading you.
  • Pressure to co-sign. A lender should not pressure you into adding a cosigner. If you have good credit, you may qualify without one.
  • No forbearance option. If a lender will not clearly explain hardship options in writing, that is a warning sign.
  • Automatic approval. Legitimate private lenders verify your credit and income. If approval feels too easy, something is off.

Check the CFPB's private student loan database and recent reports. Consumer Reports Money and Credible also compare lenders side-by-side.

What to Screenshot and Save During Your Research

As you shop around, keep records:

  • Prequalification offers from at least three lenders, showing the APR, loan amount, and term
  • The lender's cosigner release policy in writing
  • Repayment options, including what happens to accrued interest
  • Hardship or forbearance terms, spelled out clearly
  • Death and disability discharge policy
  • Any fees, including autopay discounts

Save these in a folder so you can compare later. If something goes wrong after you borrow, you will want proof of what you were promised.

The Bottom Line

A private student loan is a contract you are signing for 10, 15, or even 20 years. With the OBBBA capping Parent PLUS loans at $20,000 per year and eliminating Grad PLUS for new borrowers in 2026, more families than ever will turn to private loans. Spending an hour now to compare rates, understand APR vs. interest rate, and know your repayment options can save you thousands later. Start with federal loans, shop around with soft credit pulls, understand the true cost of each loan, and ask hard questions about what happens if your financial situation changes.

Create your free CollegeLens plan to see how federal and private loans fit into your family's college funding strategy.

Sravani at CollegeLens

Want this in your inbox?

The Family Money Talk Guide is the next read. Sent free.

We will not share or sell your email. Unsubscribe anytime.

Published:

Have a question about private loan research for other families? Discuss this in the Loans + Repayment tag

Next step

Put this guidance into your actual funding plan

CollegeLens turns this guidance into your real numbers. Compare schools, see your gap, and pick the next move.

Start my plan →

Takes 2 minutes. No SSN. No household income.

Previous

Questions to Ask Before You Compare Student Lenders

More in Private loan research